. is the proprietary operating system for computers made by the Apple Corporation. was originally developed in the late 1960s, by Ken Thompson, at AT&T Bell Laboratories as an operating system for midrange servers.
Company Background Apple Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively “Apple” or the “Company”) designs, manufactures and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. The Company’s products and services include iPhone ® , iPad ® , Mac ® , iPod ® , Apple TV ® , a portfolio of consumer and professional software applications, the iOS and Mac OS ® X operating systems, iCloud ® , and a variety of accessory, service and support offerings.
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The Company also sells and delivers digital content and applications through the iTunes Store ® , App Store SM , iBookstore SM , and Mac App Store. The Company sells its products worldwide through its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force, as well as through third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers. In addition, the Company sells a variety of third-party iPhone, iPad, Mac and iPod compatible products, including application software, printers, storage devices, speakers, headphones, and various other accessories and peripherals, through its online and retail stores.
The Company sells to consumers, small and mid-sized businesses (“SMB”), and education, enterprise and government customers. The Company’s fiscal year is the 52 or 53-week period that ends on the last Saturday of September. Unless otherwise stated, all information presented in this Form 10-K is based on the Company’s fiscal calendar. The Company is a California corporation established in 1977. Business Strategy The Company is committed to bringing the best user experience to its customers through its innovative hardware, software, peripherals, and services.
The Company’s business strategy leverages its unique ability to design and develop its own operating systems, hardware, application software, and services to provide its customers new products and solutions with superior ease-of-use, seamless integration, and innovative design. The Company believes continual investment in research and development and marketing and advertising is critical to the development and sale of innovative products and technologies. As part of its strategy, the Company continues to expand its platform for the discovery and delivery of hird-party digital content and applications through the iTunes Store. As part of the iTunes Store, the Company’s App Store and iBookstore allow customers to discover and download applications and books through either a Mac or Windows-based computer or through “iOS devices,” namely iPhone, iPad and iPod touch ® . In January 2011, the Company opened the Mac App Store to allow customers to easily discover, download and install applications for their Macs. The Company also supports a community for the development of third-party software and hardware products and digital content that complement the Company’s offerings.
The Company’s strategy also includes expanding its distribution network to effectively reach more customers and provide them with a high-quality sales and post-sales support experience. Consumer and Small and Mid-Sized Business The Company believes a high-quality buying experience with knowledgeable salespersons who can convey the value of the Company’s products and services greatly enhances its ability to attract and retain customers. The Company sells many of its products and resells third-party products in most of its major markets directly to consumers and businesses through its retail and online stores.
The Company has also invested in programs to enhance reseller sales by placing high quality Apple fixtures, merchandising materials and other resources within selected third-party reseller locations. Through the Apple Premium Reseller Program, certain third-party resellers focus on the Apple platform by providing a high level of product expertise, integration and support services. The Company’s retail stores are typically located at high-traffic locations in quality shopping malls and urban shopping districts.
By operating its own stores and locating them in desirable high-traffic locations, the Company is better positioned to ensure a high quality customer buying experience and attract new customers. The stores are designed to simplify and enhance the presentation and marketing of the Company’s products and related solutions. To that end, retail store configurations have evolved into various sizes to accommodate market-specific demands. The Company believes providing direct contact with its customers is an effective way to demonstrate the advantages of its products over those of its competitors.
The stores employ experienced and knowledgeable personnel who provide product advice, service and training. The stores offer a wide selection of third-party hardware, software, and other accessories and peripherals that complement the Company’s products. Enterprise and Government The Company also sells its hardware and software products to enterprise and government customers in each of its geographic segments. The Company’s products are deployed in these markets because of their power, productivity, ease of use and the simplicity of seamless integration into information technology environments.
The Company’s products are compatible with thousands of third-party business applications and services, and its tools enable the development and secure deployment of custom applications as well as remote device administration. Business Organization The Company manages its business primarily on a geographic basis. Accordingly, the Company has determined that its reportable operating segments, which are generally based on the nature and location of its customers, consist of the Americas, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Retail.
The results of the Americas, Europe, Japan and Asia-Pacific reportable segments do not include the results of the Retail segment. The Americas segment includes both North and South America. The Europe segment includes European countries, as well as the Middle East and Africa. The Asia-Pacific segment includes Australia and Asian countries, other than Japan. The Retail segment operates Apple retail stores worldwide. Each reportable operating segment provides similar hardware and software products and similar services.
Further information regarding the Company’s operating segments may be found in Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K under the subheading “Segment Operating Performance,” and in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Note 8, “Segment Information and Geographic Data. ” Products The Company offers a range of mobile communication and media devices, personal computing products, and portable digital music players, as well as a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions and third-party hardware and software products. In addition, the Company ffers its own software products, including iOS, the Company’s proprietary mobile operating system; Mac OS X, the Company’s proprietary operating system software for the Mac; server software and application software for consumer, SMB, and education, enterprise and government customers. The Company’s primary products are discussed below. iPhone iPhone combines a mobile phone, an iPod, and an Internet communications device in a single handheld product. Based on the Company’s Multi-Touch™ user interface, iPhone features desktop-class email, web browsing, searching, and maps and is compatible with both Macs and Windows-based computers. Phone automatically syncs content from users’ iTunes libraries, as well as contacts, bookmarks, and email accounts. iPhone allows customers to access the iTunes Store to download audio and video files, as well as a variety of other digital content and applications. In October 2011, the Company launched iPhone 4S, its latest version of iPhone, which includes Siri™, a voice activated intelligent assistant. In addition to the Company’s own iPhone accessories, third-party iPhone compatible accessories are available through the Company’s online and retail stores and from third parties. Pad iPad is a multi-purpose mobile device for browsing the web, reading and sending email, viewing photos, watching videos, listening to music, playing games, reading e-books and more. iPad is based on the Company’s Multi-Touch technology and allows customers to connect with their applications and content in a more interactive way. iPad allows customers to access the iTunes Store to download audio and video files, as well as a variety of other digital content and applications. In March 2011, the Company introduced iPad 2, its second-generation iPad.
In addition to the Company’s own iPad accessories, third-party iPad compatible accessories are available through the Company’s online and retail stores and from third parties. Mac Hardware Products The Company offers a range of personal computing products including desktop and portable computers, related devices and peripherals, and third-party hardware products. The Company’s Mac desktop and portable systems feature Intel microprocessors, the Mac OS X Lion operating system and the iLife ® suite of software for creation and management of digital photography, music, movies, DVDs and websites.
The Company’s desktop computers include iMac Mac Pro and Mac mini. The iMac desktop computer has an all-in-one design that incorporates a display, processor, graphics card, storage, memory and other components inside a single enclosure. The Mac Pro desktop computer is targeted at business and professional customers and is designed to meet the performance, expansion, and networking needs of the most demanding Mac user. The Mac mini is a desktop computer in a compact enclosure. . iPod
The Company’s iPod line of portable digital music and media players includes iPod touch, iPod nano ® , iPod shuffle ® and iPod classic ® . All iPods work with iTunes. In addition to the Company’s own iPod accessories, third-party iPod compatible accessories are available, through the Company’s online and retail stores or from third parties. The iPod touch, based on iOS, is a flash-memory-based iPod with a widescreen display and a Multi-Touch user interface. iPod touch allows customers to access the iTunes Store to download audio and video content, as well as a variety of digital applications.
The iPod nano is a flash-memory-based iPod that features the Company’s Multi-Touch interface allowing customers to navigate their music collection by tapping or swiping the display. The iPod nano features a polished aluminum and glass enclosure with a built-in clip. The iPod shuffle is a flash-memory-based iPod that features a clickable control pad to control music playback and VoiceOver technology enabling customers to hear song titles, artists and playlist names. The iPod classic is a hard-drive based portable digital music and video player. iTunes ® Tunes is an application that supports the purchase, download, organization and playback of digital audio and video files and is available for both Mac and Windows-based computers. iTunes 10 is the latest version of iTunes and features AirPlay ® wireless music playback, Genius Mixes, Home Sharing, and improved syncing functionality with iOS devices. Mac App Store In January 2011, the Company opened the Mac App Store allowing customers to discover, download and install applications for their Macs. The Mac App Store offers applications in education, games, graphics and design, lifestyle, productivity, utilities and other categories.
The Company’s Mac OS X operating system software and iLife and iWork ® application software are also available on the Mac App Store. iCloud In October 2011, the Company launched iCloud, its new cloud service, which stores music, photos, applications, contacts, calendars, and documents and wirelessly pushes them to multiple iOS devices, Macs and Windows-based computers. iCloud’s features include iTunes in the Cloud, Photo Stream, Documents in the Cloud, Contacts, Calendar, Mail, automatic downloads and purchase history for applications and iBooks, and iCloud Backup.
Users can sign up for free access to iCloud using a device running iOS 5 or a Mac running Mac OS X Lion. Software Products and Computer Technologies The Company offers a range of software products for consumer, SMB, education, enterprise and government customers, including the Company’s proprietary iOS and Mac OS X operating system software; server software; professional application software; and consumer, education, and business oriented application software. Operating System Software iOS OS is the Company’s mobile operating system that serves as the foundation for iOS devices. In October 2011, the Company released iOS 5, which supports iCloud and includes new features such as Notification Center, a way to view and manage notifications in one place; iMessage™, a messaging service that allows users to send text messages, photos and videos between iOS devices; and Newsstand, a way to purchase and organize newspaper and magazine subscriptions. Mac OS X Mac OS X, the operating system for Macs, is built on an open-source UNIX-based foundation.
Mac OS X Lion is the eighth major release of Mac OS X and became available in July 2011. Mac OS X Lion includes support for new Multi-Touch gestures; iCloud integration; system-wide support for full screen applications; Mission Control™, a way to view everything running on a user’s Mac; the Mac App Store; Launchpad™, a new home for a user’s applications; and a redesigned Mail application. Application Software iLife iLife ’11 is the latest version of the Company’s consumer-oriented digital lifestyle application suite included with all Mac computers. Life features iPhoto ® , iMovie ® , iDVD ® , GarageBand ® , and iWeb™. iPhoto is the Company’s consumer-oriented digital photo application and iMovie is the Company’s consumer-oriented digital video editing software application. iDVD is the Company’s consumer-oriented software application that enables customers to turn iMovie files, QuickTime files, and digital pictures into interactive DVDs. GarageBand is the Company’s consumer-oriented music creation application that allows customers to play, record and create music. Web allows customers to create online photo albums, blogs and podcasts, and to customize websites using editing tools. iWork iWork ’09 is the latest version of the Company’s integrated productivity suite designed to help users create, present, and publish documents, presentations, and spreadsheets. iWork ’09 includes Pages ® ’09 for word processing and page layout, Keynote ® ’09 for presentations, and Numbers ® ’09 for spreadsheets. The Company also has a Multi-Touch version of each iWork application designed specifically for use on iOS devices. Other Application Software
The Company also sells various other application software, including Final Cut Pro ® , Logic Studio ® , Logic ® Express 9, Logic Studio ® Pro, and its FileMaker ® Pro database software. Displays & Peripheral Products The Company manufactures the Apple LED Cinema Display™ and Thunderbolt Display. The Company also sells a variety of Apple-branded and third-party Mac-compatible and iOS-compatible peripheral products, including printers, storage devices, computer memory, digital video and still cameras, and various other computing products and supplies.
Apple TV Apple TV allows customers to watch movies and television shows on their high definition television. Content from iTunes, Netflix, YouTube, and Flickr as well as music, photos, videos, and podcasts from a Mac or Windows-based computer can also be wirelessly streamed to a television through Apple TV. With the release of iCloud in October 2011, content purchased on Apple TV can be re-downloaded on iOS devices. Product Support and Services AppleCare ® offers a range of support options for the Company’s customers.
These options include assistance that is built into software products, printed and electronic product manuals, online support including comprehensive product information as well as technical assistance, and the AppleCare Protection Plan (“APP”). APP is a fee-based service that typically includes two to three years of phone support and hardware repairs and dedicated web-based support resources. Markets and Distribution The Company’s customers are primarily in the consumer, SMB, and education, enterprise and government markets.
The Company uses a variety of direct and indirect distribution channels, such as its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force, and third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers. The Company believes that sales of its innovative and differentiated products are enhanced by knowledgeable salespersons who can convey the value of the hardware and software integration, and demonstrate the unique solutions that are available on its products.
The Company further believes providing direct contact with its targeted customers is an effective way to demonstrate the advantages of its products over those of its competitors and providing a high-quality sales and after-sales support experience is critical to attracting new and retaining existing customers. To ensure a high-quality buying experience for its products in which service and education are emphasized, the Company continues to expand and improve its distribution capabilities by expanding the number of its own retail stores worldwide.
Additionally, the Company has invested in programs to enhance reseller sales by placing high quality Apple fixtures, merchandising materials and other resources within selected third-party reseller locations. Through the Apple Premium Reseller Program, certain third-party resellers focus on the Apple platform by providing a high level of integration and support services, and product expertise. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of net sales in 2011 or 2010. One of the Company’s customers accounted for 11% of net sales in 2009. Competition
The markets for the Company’s products and services are highly competitive and the Company is confronted by aggressive competition in all areas of its business. These markets are characterized by frequent product introductions and rapid technological advances that have substantially increased the capabilities and use of mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and other digital electronic devices. The Company’s competitors who sell mobile devices and personal computers based on other operating systems have aggressively cut prices and lowered their product margins to gain or maintain market share.
The Company’s financial condition and operating results can be adversely affected by these and other industry-wide downward pressures on gross margins. Principal competitive factors important to the Company include price, product features, relative price/performance, product quality and reliability, design innovation, a strong third-party software and peripherals ecosystem, marketing and distribution capability, service and support, and corporate reputation.
The Company is focused on expanding its market opportunities related to mobile communication and media devices. These industries are highly competitive and include several large, well-funded and experienced participants. The Company expects competition in these industries to intensify significantly as competitors attempt to imitate some of the features of the Company’s products and applications within their own products or, alternatively, collaborate with each other to offer solutions that are more competitive than those they currently offer.
These industries are characterized by aggressive pricing practices, frequent product introductions, evolving design approaches and technologies, rapid adoption of technological and product advancements by competitors, and price sensitivity on the part of consumers and businesses. The Company’s digital content services have faced significant competition from other companies promoting their own digital music and content products and services, including those offering free peer-to-peer music and video services.
The Company believes it offers superior innovation and integration of the entire solution including the hardware (iPhone, iPad, Mac, and iPod), software (iTunes), and distribution of digital content and applications (iTunes Store, App Store, iBookstore and Mac App Store). Some of the Company’s current and potential competitors have substantial resources and may be able to provide such products and services at little or no profit or even at a loss to compete with the Company’s offerings.
The Company’s future financial condition and operating results depend on the Company’s ability to continue to develop and offer new innovative products and services in each of the markets it competes in. Research and Development Because the industries in which the Company competes are characterized by rapid technological advances, the Company’s ability to compete successfully depends heavily upon its ability to ensure a continual and timely flow of competitive products, services and technologies to the marketplace.
The Company continues to develop new technologies to enhance existing products and to expand the range of its product offerings through research and development, licensing of intellectual property and acquisition of third-party businesses and technology. Total research and development expense was $2. 4 billion, $1. 8 billion and $1. 3 billion in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Patents, Trademarks, Copyrights and Licenses The Company currently holds rights to patents and copyrights relating to certain aspects of its iPhone, iPad, Mac and iPod devices, peripherals, software and services.
The Company has registered or has applied for trademarks and service marks in the U. S. and a number of foreign countries. Although the Company believes the ownership of such patents, copyrights, trademarks and service marks is an important factor in its business and that its success does depend in part on the ownership thereof, the Company relies primarily on the innovative skills, technical competence and marketing abilities of its personnel. The Company regularly files patent applications to protect inventions arising from its research and development, and is currently pursuing thousands of patent applications around the world.
Over time, the Company has accumulated a large portfolio of issued patents in the U. S. and worldwide. The Company holds copyrights relating to certain aspects of its products and services. No single patent or copyright is solely responsible for protecting the Company’s products. The Company believes the duration of its patents is adequate relative to the expected lives of its products. Due to the fast pace of innovation and product development, the Company’s products are often obsolete before the patents related to them expire, and sometimes are obsolete before the patents related to them are even granted.
Many of the Company’s products are designed to include intellectual property obtained from third parties. While it may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various aspects of its products and business methods, based upon past experience and industry practice, the Company believes such licenses generally could be obtained on commercially reasonable terms; however, there is no guarantee that such licenses could be obtained at all.
Because of technological changes in the industries in which the Company competes, current extensive patent coverage, and the rapid rate of issuance of new patents, it is possible that certain components of the Company’s products and business methods may unknowingly infringe existing patents or intellectual property rights of others. From time to time, the Company has been notified that it may be infringing certain patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties. Foreign and Domestic Operations and Geographic Data The U. S. epresents the Company’s largest geographic market. Approximately 39% of the Company’s net sales in 2011 came from sales to customers inside the U. S. Final assembly of the Company’s products is currently performed in the Company’s manufacturing facility in Ireland, and by outsourcing partners, primarily located in Asia. The supply and manufacture of a number of components is performed by sole-sourced outsourcing partners in the U. S. , Asia and Europe. Single-sourced outsourcing partners in Asia perform final assembly of substantially all of the Company’s hardware products.
Margins on sales of the Company’s products in foreign countries, and on sales of products that include components obtained from foreign suppliers, can be adversely affected by foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and by international trade regulations, including tariffs and antidumping penalties. Information regarding financial data by geographic segment is set forth in Part II, Item 7 and Item 8 of this Form 10-K and in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Note 8, “Segment Information and Geographic Data. ” Seasonal Business
The Company has historically experienced increased net sales in its first fiscal quarter compared to other quarters in its fiscal year due to increased holiday seasonal demand. This historical pattern should not be considered a reliable indicator of the Company’s future net sales or financial performance. Warranty The Company offers a limited parts and labor warranty on most of its hardware products. The basic warranty period is typically one year from the date of purchase by the original end-user. The Company also offers a 90-day basic warranty for its service parts used to repair the Company’s hardware products.
In addition, consumers may purchase the APP, which extends service coverage on many of the Company’s hardware products in most of its major markets. Employees As of September 24, 2011, the Company had approximately 60,400 full-time equivalent employees and an additional 2,900 full-time equivalent temporary employees and contractors. APPLE INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Ratio Analysis | 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| | Liquidity Ratios| a. Current Ratio:A liquidity ratio that measures a company’s ability to pay short-term obligations. The Current Ratio formula is:
Also known as “liquidity ratio”, “cash asset ratio” and “cash ratio”. | Current Asset/Current Liability| 32311/14092| 36265/19282| 41678/20722| 44988/27970| | 2. 293| 1. 881| 2. 011| 1. 609| industry average| 2. 00| 1. 8| 2. 1| 1. 5| Current Ratio Comparisons :Ratio is stronger than the industry average. | | b. Acid Test Ratio:A stringent indicator that determines whether a firm has enough short-term assets to cover its immediate liabilities without selling inventory. The acid-test ratio is far more strenuous than the working capital ratio, primarily because the working capital ratio allows for the inclusion of inventory assets.
Calculated by: | (Current Asset- Average inventory)/Current Liability| (32311-509)/14092| (36265-482)/19282| (41678-753)/20722| (44988-913. 5)/27970| | 2. 257| 1. 86| 1. 961| 1. 581| industry average| 2. 20| 1. 80| 2. 00| 1. 50| Acid Test Ratio Comparisons :Ratio is weaker than the industry average in first 3 years but stringer at last year. | | Summary of the Liquidity Ratio Comparisons * Strong current ratio and weak acid-test ratio indicates a potential problem in the inventories account. * Note that this industry has a relatively high level of inventories. | Financial Leverage Ratios| a.
Debt to equity:A measure of a company’s financial leverage calculated by dividing its total liabilities by stockholders’ equity. It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. Note: Sometimes only interest-bearing, long-term debt is used instead of total liabilities in the calculation. Also known as the Personal Debt/Equity Ratio, this ratio can be applied to personal financial statements as well as corporate ones. | Total debt/Shareholders ‘ Equity| 18542/21030| 26019/27832| 27392/47791| 39756/76615| | 0. 882| 0. 935| 0. 573| 0. 519| industry average| . 89| . 95| . 5| . 50| Debt to equity Ratio Comparisons :Has average debt utilization relative to the industry average. | | b. Debt to total asset:A metric used to measure a company’s financial risk by determining how much of the company’s assets have been financed by debt. Calculated by adding short-term and long-term debt and then dividing by the company’s total assets. | Total debt/Total asset| 18542/39572| 26019/53851| 27392/75183| 39756/116371| | 0. 469| 0. 483| 0. 364| 0. 342| industry average| . 45| . 50| . 35| . 35| Debt to total asset Ratio Comparisons :Has average debt utilization relative to the industry average. | c. Total Capitalization:The capitalization ratio measures the debt component of a company’s capital structure, or capitalization (i. e. , the sum of long-term debt liabilities and shareholders’ equity) to support a company’s operations and growth. | | | | Debt/capitalization| 18542/25480| 26019/34569| 27392/54461| 39756/88401| | . 73| . 75| . 50| . 45| industry average| . 75| . 75| . 50| . 45| Total Capitalization Ratio Comparisons :Has average long-term debt utilization relative to the industry average. | | Coverage Ratios| a. Interest Coverage:A ratio used to determine how easily a company can ay interest on outstanding debt. The interest coverage ratio is calculated by dividing a company’s earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of one period by the company’s interest expenses of the same period: | EBIT/Interest charges| 6895/2242| 7984/2360| 18540| 34205| | 3. 075| 3. 383| -| -| industry average| 3. 2| 3. 5| -| -| Interest Coverage Ratio Comparisons :Has below average interest coverage relative to the industry average. | | Summary of the Coverage Trend Analysis * The interest coverage ratio for Apple Inc. has been falling since 2008. It has been below industry averages for the past two years. This indicates that low earnings (EBIT) may be a potential problem for BW. * Note, we know that debt levels are in line with the industry averages. | Activity ratios| a. Receivable Turnover:An accounting measure used to quantify a firm’s effectiveness in extending credit as well as collecting debts. The receivables turnover ratio is an activity ratio, measuring how efficiently a firm uses its assets. Formula: Some companies’ reports will only show sales – this can affect the ratio depending on the size of cash sales. | Annual net credit sales/ Average receivables| 32497/2422| 36537/3361| 65225/5510| 108249/5369| | 13. 17| 10. 871| 11. 838| 20. 162| industry average| 15| 10| 13| 20| Receivable Turnover Ratio Comparisons :Ratio is stronger than the industry average. | | b. Average collection period:The approximate amount of time that it takes for a business to receive payments owed, in terms of receivables, from its customers and clients. Calculated as: Where: Days = Total amount of days in period AR = Average amount of accounts receivables Credit Sales = Total amount of net credit sales during period| Days in year/receiveable turnover| 365/13. 417| 365/10. 871| 365/11. 838| 365/20. 62| | 27. 204| 33. 576| 30. 833| 18. 103| industry average| 25| 36| 30| 20| Average collection period Ratio Comparisons :Has improved the average collection period to that of the industry average. | | c. Inventory turnover:A ratio showing how many times a company’s inventory is sold and replaced over a period. The days in the period can then be divided by the inventory turnover formula to calculate the days it takes to sell the inventory on hand or “inventory turnover days. ” | Cost of goods sold/Average inventory| 21334/509| 25683/482| 39541/753| 64431/913. 5| | 41. 914| 53. 8| 52. 51| 70. 53| industry average| 42| 53| 53| 70| Inventory turnover Ratio Comparisons :Has relatively good turnover. | | d. Total asset turnover:The amount of sales generated for every dollar’s worth of assets. It is calculated by dividing sales in dollars by assets in dollars. Formula: This ratio is more useful for growth companies to check if in fact they are growing revenue in proportion to sales. Also known as the Asset Turnover Ratio. | Net sales/ total asset| 32479/39571| 42905/53851| 65225/75183| 108249/116371| | . 821| . 797| . 868| . 930| industry average| . 2| . 80| . 85| . 90| Total asset turnover Ratio Comparisons :Has relatively strong turnover. | | Profitability Ratios| a. Net profit margin:A ratio of profitability calculated as net income divided by revenues, or net profits divided by sales. It measures how much out of every dollar of sales a company actually keeps in earnings. | Net profit after tax/Net sales| 4834/32479| 8235/42905| 14013/65225| 25922/108249| | . 149| . 192| . 215| . 239| industry average| . 15| . 20| . 20| . 24| Net profit margin Ratio Comparisons :Has average Net Profit Margin. | | b.
Return on investment: “Return on investment(ROI) rate of return (ROR), also known as ‘rate of profit’ or sometimes just ‘return’, is the ratio ofmoney gained or lost (whether realized or unrealized) on an investment relative to the amount of money invested. Similar financial measures with variations on how ‘investment’ is defined: * Return on assets (ROA), * Return on net assets (RONA), * Return on capital employed (ROCE) * Return on invested capital (ROIC) * Social return on investment (SROI)| NPAT/Total asset| 4834/39572| 8235/53851| 14013/75183| 25922/116371| | . 122| . 153| . 87| . 223| industry average| . 125| . 15| . 18| . 20| Return on investment Ratio Comparisons :Has strong Return on Investment. | | c. Return on equity:The amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity. Return on equity measures a corporation’s profitability by revealing how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested. ROE is expressed as a percentage and calculated as: Return on Equity = Net Income/Shareholder’s Equity Net income is for the full fiscal year (before dividends paid to common stock holders but after dividends to preferred stock. Shareholder’s equity does not include preferred shares. Also known as “return on net worth” (RONW). | NPAT/Shareholders equity| 25922/21030| 8235/27832| 14013/477931| 25922/76615| | . 229| . 296| . 293| . 338| industry average| . 23| . 29| . 29| . 350| Return on equity Ratio Comparisons :Has average Return on equity. | | Summary of the Profitability Trend Analyses * The profitability ratios for Apple Inc. have ALL been average since 2008. Each has been below the industry averages for the past four years. * This indicates that COGS and administrative costs may both be too high and a potential problem for Apple Inc. Note, this result is consistent with the low interest coverage ratio. | Summary of Ratio Analyses * Inventories are too high. * May be paying off creditors (accounts payable) too soon. * COGS may be too high. * Selling, general, and administrative costs may be too high. | Common Size Analysis- Particulars| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| | 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| Assets| | | | | | | | | | Current assets:| | | | | | | | | | Cash ; cash equivalents| 11875| 5263| 11261| 9815| | 30. 01| 9. 77| 14. 98| 8. 43| Short term marketable securities| 10236| 18201| 14359| 16137| | 25. 87| 33. 80| 19. 10| 13. 7| A/R| 2422| 3361| 5510| 5369| | 6. 12| 6. 24| 7. 33| 4. 61| Inventories| 509| 455| 1051| 776| | 1. 29| . 85| 1. 40| . 67| Differed tax assets| 1447| 2101| 1636| 2014| | 3. 66| 3. 90| 2. 18| 1. 73| Vendor non-trade receivables| -| -| 4414| 6348| | -| -| 5. 87| 5. 46| Other current assets| 5822| 6884| 3447| 4529| | 14. 71| 12. 78| 4. 59| 3. 89| Total current assets| 32311| 36265| 41678| 44988| | 81. 04| 67. 34| 55. 435| 38. 659| Long-term marketable securities| 2379| 10528| 5391| 55618| | 6. 01| 19. 55| 7. 171| 47. 794| Property, plant and equipment, net| 2455| 2954| 4786| 7777| | 6. 20| 5. 486| 6. 336| 6. 83| Goodwill| 207| 206| 741| 896| | . 52| . 383| . 986| . 769| Acquired intangible assets, net| 285| 247| 342| 3536| | . 72| . 495| . 455| 3. 039| Other assets| 1935| 3651| 2263| 3556| | 4. 890| 6. 780| 3. 010| 3. 056| Total assets| 39572| 53851| 75183| 116371| | 100| 100| 100| 100| | | | | | | | | | | LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:| | | | | | | | | | Current liabilities:| | | | | | | | | | Accounts payable| 5520| 5601| 12015| 14632| | 13. 942| 10. 401| 15. 981| 12. 574| Accrued expenses| 3719| 3376| 5723| 9247| | 9. 398| 6. 269| 7. 612| 7. 946| Deferred revenue| 4853| 10305| 2984| 4091| | 12. 64| 19. 136| 3. 969| 3. 516| Total current liabilities| 14092| 19282| 20722| 27970| | 35. 611| 35. 806| 27. 562| 24. 035| Deferred revenue – non-current| 3029| 4485| 1139| 1686| | 7. 654| 8. 329| 1. 515| 1. 449| Other non-current liabilities| 1421| 2252| 5531| 10100| | 3. 591| 4. 182| 7. 357| 8. 679| Total liabilities| 18542| 26019| 27392| 39756| | 46. 856| 48. 317| 36. 434| 34. 163| Commitments and contingenciesShareholders’ equity:| | | | | | | | | | Common stock, no par value; 1,800,000 shares authorized; 929,277 and 915,970 shares issued and outstanding, respectively| 7177| 8210| 10668| 13331| | 18. 37| 15. 246| 14. 189| 11. 456| Retained earnings| 13845| 19538| 37169| 62841| | 34. 987| 36. 282| 49. 438| 54. 001| Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)| 8| 84| (46)| 443| | . 020| . 156| (. 061)| . 381| Total shareholders’ equity| 21030| 27832| 47791| 76615| | 53. 144| 51. 683| 63. 566| 65. 837| Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity| 39572| 53851| 75183| 116371| | 100| 100| 100| 100| Index Analysis- Particulars| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| | 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| Assets| | | | | | | | | | Current assets:| | | | | | | | | | Cash ; cash equivalents| 11875| 5263| 11261| 9815| | 100| 14. 13| 27. 019| 21. 897| Short term marketable securities| 10236| 18201| 14359| 16137| | 100| 39. 204| 34. 452| 35. 870| A/R| 2422| 3361| 5510| 5369| | 100| 9. 27| 13. 221| 11. 934| Inventories| 509| 455| 1051| 776| | 100| 1. 26| 2. 522| 1. 752| Differed tax assets| 1447| 2101| 1636| 2014| | 100| 5. 79| 3. 925| 4. 477| Vendor non-trade receivables| -| -| 4414| 6348| | -| -| 10. 591| 14. 111| Other current assets| 5822| 6884| 3447| 4529| | 100| 18. 983| 8. 271| 10. 067| Total current assets| 32311| 36265| 41678| 44988| | 100| 67. 34| 55. 435| 38. 59| Long-term marketable securities| 2379| 10528| 5391| 55618| | 100| 19. 55| 7. 171| 47. 794| Property, plant and equipment, net| 2455| 2954| 4786| 7777| | 100| 5. 486| 6. 336| 6. 683| Goodwill| 207| 206| 741| 896| | 100| . 383| . 986| . 769| Acquired intangible assets, net| 285| 247| 342| 3536| | 100| . 495| . 455| 3. 039| Other assets| 1935| 3651| 2263| 3556| | 100| 6. 780| 3. 010| 3. 056| Total assets| 39572| 53851| 75183| 116371| | 100| 100| 100| 100| | | | | | | | | | | LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:| | | | | | | | | | Current liabilities:| | | | | | | | | |
_____ is an operating system developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 when he was a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland.
With Windows File Explorer, click a drive or _____ icon in the left pane to display its contents in the right pane.
_____ is the operating system designed for Apple mobile phones and mobile devices.
_____ are utility programs that search for documents and other files on a user’s hard drives.
During the boot process, the essential portion, or core, of the operating system (called the _____) is loaded into memory.
One memory management technique frequently used by operating systems is _____, which uses a portion of the computer’s hard drive as additional RAM.
In Windows, certain system configuration information is stored in the _____ files.
A(n) _____ is a type of software program that performs a specific task, usually related to managing or maintaining the computer system
In the past few years, _____ has grown from an open source operating system used primarily by computer techies who disliked Microsoft to a widely accepted operating system with strong support from mainstream companies
One of the principal roles of every _____ is to translate user instructions into a form the computer can understand.
_____ was the first company to market an operating system that used a graphical user interface (GUI).
The Windows 8 Start screen uses _____ instead of the traditional Windows Start menu.
Printers and other peripheral devices are typically slower than the computer’s main memory. Therefore the operating system often uses a buffer for Input & Output transactions in a process called _____.
As shown in the figure to the left, Windows users can still issue _____ commands via the Command Prompt.
Explain multitasking with reference to an operating system.
Multitasking refers to the ability of an operating system to have more than one program (also called a task) open at one time. Without the ability to multitask, an operating system would require the user to close one program before openinganotherprogram.Virtuallyalloftoday’soperatingsystemssupportmultitasking.Although multitasking enables a user to work with multiple programs at one time, a single CPU core cannot execute more than one task at one time (unless Intel’s Hyper-Threading Technology or another technology that allows a single core to function as two cores is used). Consequently, the CPU rotates between processing tasks, but it works so quickly that to the user it appears as though all programs are executing at the same time.
Explain multithreading
A thread is a sequence of instructions within a program that is independent of other threads. Examples might include spell checking, printing, and opening documents in a word processing program. Operating systems that support multithreadinghavetheabilitytorotatebetweenmultiplethreads(similartothewaymultitaskingcan rotate between multiple programs) so that processing is completed faster and more efficiently, even though only one thread is executed by a single core at one time. Most current operating systems support multithreading.
What is the purpose of uninstall utilities?
As programs are used, temporary data is often created. When programs are uninstalled (removed from the hard drive), this data and other remnants of that program can be left behind on the hard drive or in system files unless an uninstall utility is used. If a user removes programs by deleting the program’s folder (which is not the recommended method for removing programs), the extraneous data is left behind, using up valuable disk space and, sometimes, slowing down the computer. Uninstall utilities remove the programs along with related extraneous data, such as references to those programs in your system files.
Compare graphical user interfaces (GUIs) with command line interfaces.
Most PC operating systems today use a graphical user interface (GUI). The older DOS operating system and some versions of the UNIX and Linux operating systems use a command line interface, although graphical versions of UNIX and Linux are available. With a command line interface, commands to the computer are typed using the keyboard; graphical user interfaces allow the user to issue commands by selecting icons, buttons,menu items, and other graphical objects with a mouse or other pointing device.
Describe the functionality of an operating system.
A computer’s operating system is a collection of programs that manage and coordinate the activities taking place within the computer and it is the most critical piece of software installed on the computer. The operating system boots the computer, launches application software, and ensures that all actions requested by a user are valid and processed in an orderly fashion. For example, when you issue the command for your computer to store a document on your hard drive, the operating system must perform the following steps: 1) make sure that the specified hard drive exists, 2)verify that there is adequate space on the hard drive to store the document and then store the document in that location, and 3) update the hard drive’s directory with the filename and disk location for that file so that the document can be retrieved again when needed. In addition to managing all of the resources associated with your local computer, the operating system also facilitates connections to the Internet and other networks.
During the 1980s and early 1990s, _____ was the dominant operating system for microcomputers. a. Mac OS b. DOS (Disk Operating System) c. Linux d. desktop operating system
_____ refers to the ability of an operating system to work with more than one program at one time. a. Multidimensional b. Multiprogramming c. Polyprogramming d. Multitasking
The most recent version of Windows is Windows _____. a. Leopard b. 7 c. 8 d. Vista
The process or rearranging the data on the hard drive so all files are stored in contiguous locations. a. disk defragmentation b. file compression c. disk cleanup d. backup
_____ is the most widely used mobile operating system worldwide. a. Mac OS b. Palm OS c. Windows Mobile d. Android
One of the most obvious initial changes in Windows Vista is the _____ interface. a. Leopard b. Android c. Aero d. Symbian
The ______ utility is used to remove unnecessary programs from your computer. a. delete b. uninstall c. remove d. cleanup
Filenames typically include a ______ at the end of the filename. a. file extension b. file subscript c. file subname d. file attachment
In addition to personal operating systems and server operating systems, there are also mobile operating systems and ______. a. embedded operating systems b. high-performance operating systems c. virtual operating systems d. storage operating systems
In DOS, the command ______ displays the files and folders in the current location. a. CD b. FORMAT c. DIR d. COPY
______ is the current version of Windows Phone. a. Windows Phone Dragon b. Windows Phone 5 c. Windows Phone 8 d. Windows Server 2014
A ______ is an area in RAM or on the hard drive designated to hold input and output on their way in or out of the system. a. segment b. buffer c. page d. sector
The means by which an operating system or any other program interacts with the user is called the _____ . a. user login b. programming interface c. program front-end d. user interface
The _____ boots the computer, launches application software programs, and ensures that all actions requested by a user are valid and processed in an orderly fashion. a. startup b. operating system c. driver d. registry
____ are utility programs that search for documents and other files on a user’s hard drives. a. Search tools b. Tool boxes c. Search engines d. Tool programs
To restore a file or folder deleted from your computer’s hard drive, open your computer’s _____ and restore the file to its original location. a. Recycle Bin b. Windows Explorer c. System Restore program d. Recycle Menu
The figure to the left shows a ______ which uses icons, buttons, menus, and other objects are selected with the mouse to issue commands to the PC a. graphical user interface b. command line interface c. desktop d. command-driven interface
A computer’s _____ is a collection of programs that manage and coordinate the activities taking place within a computer system. a. database system b. storage system c. application system d. operating system
______ memory allows you to use more memory than is physically available on your computer. a. Shared b. Virtual c. Multithreading d. Buffer
______ is a Linux-based operating system developed by the Open Handset Alliance. a. Android b. UNIX c. Mac OS X d. Vista
Rearranging the data on the hard drive so all files are stored in contiguous locations is called _____ . a. disk defragmentation b. file compression c. disk backup d. disk cleanup
_____ can protect against someone accessing your PC via the Internet. a. Mirrors b. Antispam software c. Firewalls d. Modems
_____ software consists of the operating system and utility programs that control a computer system and allow you to use your computer. a. Background b. Front-end c. Application d. System
The operating system for an Apple computer is _____ . a. Windows Vista b. Solaris c. Windows Embedded d. Mac OS
_____is one of the most widely-used versions of Linux. a. Ubuntu b. Chrome c. Cisco d. Uhuru
_____ was originally developed in the late 1960s at AT&T Bell Laboratories as an operating system for midrange servers. a. Linux b. UNIX c. Solaris d. Mac OS X
_____ includes all the programs that allow a user to perform specific tasks on a computer, such as writing a letter. a. System software b. Utility programs c. Application software d. Background programs
Most operating systems have security features available, such as an integrated _____ to protect against unauthorized access via the Internet. a. router b. firewall c. hub d. modem
_____ is the proprietary operating system for computers made by Apple Corporation. a. Linux b. Solaris c. Mac OS d. Unix
Most operating systems have security features available, such as an option to automatically download and install _____ from the operating system’s manufacturer on a regular basis. a. security walls b. device patches c. security patches d. device drivers
A _____ is a software program that is designed to cause damage to the computer system or perform some other malicious act. a. firewall b. utility program c. spyware d. computer virus
The file management program incorporated into Windows 8 is _____. a. StuffIt b. WinZip c. File Explorer d. Disk Cleanup
All programs and data located in RAM are divided into fixed-length _____ or variable-length segments, depending on the operating system being used. a. pies b. sectors c. pages d. cylinders
The newest version of Windows currently available is _____. a. Windows Vista b. Windows Solaris c. Windows XP d. Windows 8
An important task that the operating system performs is _____, which keeps track of the files stored on a computer so that they can be retrieved when needed. a. disk management b. file management c. file listing d. file recovery
Small programs called _____ are used to communicate with peripheral devices, such as monitors, printers, and scanners. a. interfaces b. utilities c. drivers d. managers
_____ is a family of operating systems based on Windows that is designed primarily for consumer and industrial devices that are not personal computers. a. Windows Vista b. Windows Embedded c. Windows Server 2003 d. Windows Mobile
Creating a(n) _____ means making a duplicate copy of important files so that when a problem occurs, you can restore those files using the backup copy. a. mirror b. backup c. index d. hidden file
System software is usually divided into two categories: operating system software and _____ programs. a. planning system b. utility c. FAT system d. background
A ______ utility allows a user to _____ all of his important data on a regular basis to protect against data loss in the case of a problem with the computer. a. cleanup b. defragment c. compress d. backup
The main output of the preliminary investigation is the _____ report, which includes the systems analyst’s findings on the status of the existing system.
An expert system uses a _____ which is a database that contains facts provided by a human expert and rules that the expert system should use to make decisions based on those facts.
In 1997 IBM’s chess playing program _____ defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov.
Neural networks are often used in _____ identification systems, such as in the fingerprint reader shown in the accompanying figure.
Once a system has been designed and the required types of software and hardware have been specified, the _____ must decide where to obtain the necessary components.
Much of outsourcing today is _____; that is, outsourced to another country.
The _____ approach to system development allows the system to be developed incrementally, with a series of development steps being repeated until the system is finalized.
_____ diagrams and data flow diagrams (DFDs) are used to model the entities (something, such as a person, object, or event, for which data is collected) in a system.
When the data in a decision table is expressed in a tree format, it is called a(n) _____
_____ is the process of designing and implementing a new or modified system.
A(n) _____ system performs actions that are characteristic of human intelligence.
Systems that are used by an entire enterprise are referred to as _____ systems.
_____ —the use of intelligent software to find subtle patterns that may not be evident otherwise—is often used with data warehouses and data marts to identify patterns and relationships between data.
What do payroll systems do?
Payroll systems compute employee taxes, deductions, and pay, and then use this information to issue paychecks. These systems also typically prepare payroll reports for management and for tax purposes for federal, state, and local governments.
Define and discuss neural networks. Be sure to cite several examples of their use.
Artificial intelligence systems that attempt to imitate the way a human brain works are called neural networks. Neural networks (also called neural nets) are networks of processors that are connected together in a manner similar to the way the neurons in a human brain are connected. They are designed to emulate the brain’s pattern-recognition process in order to recognize patterns in data and make more progressive leaps in associations and predictions than conventional computer systems. Neural networks are used in areas such as handwriting, speech, and image recognition; medical imaging; crime analysis; biometric identification; and vision systems that use cameras to inspect objects and make determinations—for example, the systems that check products for defects at manufacturing plants or that recognize stamps during postal processing.
Explain the feasibility report. Be sure to mention what it contains and at what stage of system development it is generated.
The main output of the preliminary investigation is the feasibility report, which includes the systems analyst’s findings on the status of the existing system, as well as the benefits and feasibility of changing to a new system. Feasibility is commonly measured using a few different perspectives, such as whether the organization has (or can acquire) the hardware, software, and personnel needed to implement the new system; whether the new system would fit well with the other systems in the organization; and whether the estimated benefits of the new system outweigh the estimated costs. The feasibility report also contains the systems analyst’s recommendations about whether or not the project should move on to the next stage in the SDLC.
What are intelligent agents?
Intelligent agents (also called smart assistants) are programs that perform specific tasks to help make a user’s work environment more efficient or entertaining. Typically, the agent program runs in the background until it is time for the agent to perform a task, and it usually modifies its behavior based on the user’s actions or instructions. Intelligent agents are found on Web sites, as well as incorporated into software programs.
What are some reasons that system development may be required?
System development may be required for many reasons. For instance, new laws may call for the collection of data that was not collected in the past. A government may require additional reports regarding financial data, internal controls, or procedures, like those required in the United States by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. A government may also require new security or privacy procedures to be used with collected data (such as the procedures regulated in the U.S. by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule), or it may change the legal requirements for retaining business data (such as the recent update in the U.S. to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure). In addition, the introduction of new technology may prompt the revision of a system. For instance, it is common today for a business to provide customers and suppliers with access to some information systems via the Internet, and the growing use of RFID, NFC, and other technologies may require changes to some systems to accommodate that technology. An organization may also make a change to its information systems to gain a competitive edge.
Managers are usually classified into three categories: executive, _____, and operational. a. development b. strategic c. middle d. decision
Each step of the _____ produces some type of documentation to pass on to the next step. a. system analysis b. system development life cycle c. system implementation d. system acquisition
____ managers include supervisors, office managers, foremen, and other managers who supervise nonmanagement workers. a. Operational b. Executive c. Middle d. External
The objective of _____ is to gather useful data about the system under study. a. data design b. data processing c. data collection d. data analysis
A _____ is responsible for maintaining a large, multiuser system. a. software engineer b. system administrator c. vice president of information systems d. programmer/analyst
When a proposal for a new system or system modification is submitted, one of the first steps is to conduct a _____. a. preliminary design b. preliminary investigation c. preliminary implementation d. preliminary acquisition
_____ refers to the use of computers to help manage manufacturing operations and control machinery used in those processes. a. Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) b. Computer-aided design (CAD) c. Enterprise architecture d. Product lifecycle management (PLM)
Some benefits can be computed relatively easily by calculating the amount of labor the new system will save, the reduction in paperwork it will allow, and so on. These gains are called _____ because they represent quantifiable dollar amounts. a. automatic gains b. first-level gains c. transparent benefits d. tangible benefits
A(n)is a collection of elements (people, hardware, software, and data) and procedures that interact to generate information needed by the users in an organization. a. operating system b. information system c. device d. utility program
_____ carry on text-based “conversations” with people in a natural language. a. Expert systems b. Intelligent agents c. Chatterbots d. Neural networks
Mary is entering her sophomore year of college. She is interested in a major that involves identifying the business needs of a system and ensuring the systems meet those needs. Her advisor will probably tell her to look into becoming a _____. a. database analyst b. business analyst c. communications analyst d. computer operator
A company is planning to replace an old system by an ewone all at once.This is called a_____conversion. a. phased b. direct c. parallel d. pilot
In an expert system, the _____ is a software program that applies the rules to the data stored in the knowledge base in order to reach decisions. a. rules processor b. inference engine c. data authority d. knowledge bus
An inventory management system that goes beyond just inventory to act as a complete distribution system is referred to as a _____ management system (WMS). a. warranted b. warehouse c. wireless d. world
____ is a special type of large, integrated system that ties together all types of a company’s activities, such as planning, manufacturing, sales, marketing, distribution, customer service, and finance. a. ERP b. EDI c. GIS d. DSS
_____ is the phase of system development in which the problem area is studied in depth and the needs of system users are assessed. a. Preliminary investigation b. System design c. System analysis d. System acquisition
A(n) _____ is responsible for setting up and managing large databases within an organization. a. database administrator b. application programmer c. database analyst d. data processing director
_____ refer to the variety of systems in place to record the details of financial transactions, such as payments and purchases. a. Accounting systems b. Payroll systems c. Order entry systems d. Transaction processing systems
A(n) _____ is an information system used by middle and executive managers. These systems are typically interactive and provide information on demand whenever a decision needs to be made. a. transaction processing system b. office system c. general ledger system d. decision support system (DSS)
A company’s _____ oversees transaction processing and information systems activities, as well as other computer-related areas. a. chief executive officer (CEO) b. chief security officer (CSO) c. chief information officer (CIO) d. chief data officer (CDO)
Artificial intelligence systems that attempt to imitate the way a human brain works are called _____. a. neural networks b. expert systems c. robots d. biometric systems
_____ is the process of gathering, storing, accessing, and analyzing data about a company in order to make better business decisions. a. Business intelligence b. System architecture c. Business flowchart d. Enterprise architecture
When computer systems perform in ways that would be considered intelligent if observed in humans, it is commonly referred to as _____. a. artificial intelligence (AI) b. computer-aided design (CAD) c. computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) d. neural networks
During the system design phase, a list of technical specifications for equipment, software, and services are determined. Then vendors are contacted as part of a ______ whereby vendors propose products that meet those specifications. a. benchmark test b. request for proposal (RFP) c. knowledge base d. data dictionary
A company is planning to implement the new system module by module. This is called a _____ conversion. a. phased b. direct c. parallel d. pilot
A company is planning to implement the new system first in their New York location. If it works properly, they will extend it to their Boston and Chicago locations. This is called a _____ conversion. a. phased b. direct c. parallel d. pilot
With a _____, both systems are operated in tandem until it is determined that the new system is working correctly, and then the old system is deactivated. a. phased conversion c. parallel conversion b. direct conversion d. pilot conversion
_____ consists of programs designed to perform specific tasks or applications.
In a typical word processing program, a(n) _____ is text entered by the user that appears at the bottom of each page.
_____ software provides users with a convenient means of creating documents containing complex mathematical calculations that automatically recalculate when data in the document changes.
_____, sometimes called productivity software suites, are used by most businesses and many individuals to produce written documents, spreadsheets, presentations and other common professional documents.
____ is software that is developed and sold for a profit.
_____ programs are software programs that are given away by the author for others to use free of charge.
Businesses that need to install software on multiple computers or need to have the software available to multiple users over a network can usually obtain a site license or _____ for the specified number of users.
Changing the content of a document is called editing, and changing the appearance of a document is called _____.
When using a spreadsheet, a(n) _____ performs mathematical operations using the content of other cells (such as adding or multiplying the values in the specified cells) and displays the result in the target cell.
The most widely used office software suite is _____.
Instead of being available in an installed format, some software is run directly from the Internet as _____ software.
Common database objects include tables, forms, queries, and _____.
Presentation graphics often take the form of electronic slides containing images, text, video, and more that are displayed one after the other in a(n) _____.
To open the Web page associated with a hyperlink included in a document (assuming you have an active Internet connection), hold down the _____ key and then click the hyperlink.
Because spreadsheet programs automatically recalculate all formulas on a worksheet every time a cell on the worksheet is edited, they are particularly useful for _____ analysis (also called sensitivity analysis).
Video _____ software often includes DVD authoring capabilities as well.
What does editing a document refer to? Describe some common methods for editing documents.
Editing a document refers to changing the content of the document, such as adding or deleting text. Most application softwareprogramsthatallowtexteditinghaveaninsertionpointdisplayedonthescreenthatlooks like a blinking vertical line. An insertion point indicates the current location in the document; that is, where the nextchangewillbe madetothatdocument.Toinserttext,juststarttypingandthetextwillappearatthe insertion point location. To delete text, press the Delete key to delete one character to the right of the insertion point or press the Backspace key to delete one character to the left of the insertion point. If the insertion point is not in the proper location for the edit, it must be moved to the appropriate location in the document by using the arrow keys on the keyboard or by pointing and clicking with the mouse. To select an object or block of text, click the object or drag the mouse over the text. Usually, once an object or some text is selected, it can be manipulated, such as to be moved, deleted, copied, or formatted.
Discuss the page formatting and document formatting options that most word processing programs offer.
Most word processing programs have a variety of page formatting options, such as changing the margins, the paper size being used, and whether you want the page to use the traditional portrait orientation (8.5 inches wide by 11 inches tall on standard paper) or the wider landscape orientation (11 inches wide by 8.5 inches tall on standard paper). In recent versions of Word, most page formatting options are found on the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon. You can also use the Insert tab on the Ribbon to add page numbers at the top or bottom of the page, or to specify a header or footer. A header is specified text or images that print automatically at the top of every page; a footer prints at the bottom of every page. Many of these options can be applied to an individual page as page formatting or to the entire document (called document formatting). Other types of document formatting include generating footnotes and end notes, a table of contents, or an index, as well as applying a background or theme to the entire document.
What is the difference between a spreadsheet and spreadsheet software?
A spreadsheet is a group of values and other data organized into rows and columns, similar to the ruled paper worksheets traditionally used by bookkeepers and accountants. Spreadsheet software is the type of application software used to create computerized spreadsheets, which typically contain a great deal of numbers and mathematical calculations.
What is a database? Define the terms field, record, and table as they relate to a database.
A database is a collection of related data that is stored on a computer and organized in a manner that enables information to be retrieved as needed. A field (today more commonly called a column) is a single type of data, such as a person’s last name or a person’s telephone number, to be stored in a database. A record (today more commonly called a row) is a collection of related fields—for example, the ID number, name, address, and major of a student. A table is a collection of related rows (such as all student address data, all student grade data, or all student schedule data).
What programs are typically contained in office suites?
Typically, office suites contain the following programs; many also contain additional productivity tools—such as a calendar, messaging program, or collaboration tools. –Word processing software—allows users to easily create and edit complex text-based documents that can also include images and other content. –Spreadsheet software—provides users with a convenient means of creating documents containing complex mathematical calculations. –Database software—allows users to store and organize vast amounts of data and retrieve specific information when needed. –Presentation graphics software—allows users to create visual presentations to convey information more easily to others.
In addition to their full versions, some commercial software is available as a _____ or trial version. a. sample b. friendly version c. complimentary version d. demo
Slides in a presentation can be advanced by clicking the mouse or _____. a. pressing the B key b. pressing the esc key c. pressing the backspace key d. pressing the spacebar
Mary enjoys taking digital photos and would like software that would allow her to perform tasks such as correct brightness or contrast, eliminate red eye, crop, resize, etc. In order to have this functionality on her computer,she needs a photo _____ program. a. dramatization b. embedding c. formatting d. editing
Popular drawing programs include _____ and CorelDRAW. a. Harvard Graphics b. Adobe Illustrator c. Corel Paint Shop Pro d. IBM Storyboard
In a worksheet, the intersection of a row and a column is called a _____. a. pointer b. table c. footer d. cell
____ are programs designed to play audio and video files. a. Media players b. Media boxes c. iPods d. Real players
Businesses and many individuals often use office suites, sometimes called _____, to produce various types of documents. a. integral suites b. productivity software suites c. mid-range suites d. corporate suites
____ refers to organizing the content to be transferred to DVD, such as importing video clips, creating the desired menu structure, and so forth. a. DVD authoring b. Video editing c. Video ripping d. DVD ripping
When typing text in a word processing program, you should only press _____ after a short line (like a title), at the end of a paragraph, and to leave a blank line between paragraphs. a. Enter b. Backspace c. Insert d. Esc
A _____ is a group of values and other data organized into rows and columns, similar to the ruled paper worksheets traditionally used by bookkeepers and accountants. a. document b. cell c. spreadsheet d. block
Mary needs word processing software for her classes, but she has to budget her resources carefully this semester. She might consider using _____, which is freely available to all users for no cost. a. Microsoft Office b. OpenOffice c. SmartSuite.org d. WordPerfect Office
Bryan is told by the supervisor that to create a database, he first needs to create the database _____ itself, and then he can create the necessary database objects. a. table b. field c. record d. file
_____ is freeware software. a. Norton AntiVirus (antivirus program) b. Image Shrinker (image optimizer) c. Chrome (Web browser) d. Adobe Illustrator (photo editing)
The most common type of database used on PCs today is a(n) _____. a. relational database b. two-way database c. one-dimensional database d. concurrent database
In a company database, each employee’s information (such as name, address, and date hired) forms a separate _____. a. field b. record c. table d. file
A _____ is used to request or retrieve specific information from a database. a. report b. query c. form d. cell
_____ refers to using a PC to combine and manipulate text and images to create attractive documents that look as if they were created by a professional printer. a. Computer-aided design (CAD) b. Desktop publishing c. Project management software d. Personal productivity
Most _____ programs are available to try free of charge, but typically a small fee is required to use the program regularly. a. shareware b. commercial c. freeware d. public domain
The _____ is a new feature in versions of Microsoft Office, starting with Office 2007; it consists of tabs, which contain groups of related commands for the program being used. a. shortcut menu b. menu bar c. Ribbon d. Wizard
Word processing programs use a feature called _____, which means the insertion point automatically moves to the beginning of the next line when the end of the screen line is reached. a. word wrap b. character wrap c. letter wrap d. character overflow
____ programs are software programs that are distributed on the honor system. a. Commercial b. Freeware c. Shareware d. Public domain
Although labels and constant values will be copied exactly to the new location, the way formulas and functions behave when they are copied depends on whether they use relative cell referencing or _____. a. total cell referencing b. integral cell referencing c. absolute cell referencing d. full cell referencing
The figure to the left represents the toolbar command button for the _____ command. a. New document b. Open c. Save d. Undo
____ is a shareware program. a. Microsoft Office (office suite) b. Internet Explorer (Web browser) c. Pine (e-mail program) d. WinZip (file compression program)
When selecting font size in a document, _____ points equals one-inch-tall text. a. 36 b. 48 c. 60 d. 72
in Excel, a _____ is a named, preprogrammed formula, such as to compute the Sum or Average of a group of cells, or to calculate a mortgage payment amount. a. chart b. label c. cell d. function
A _____ is an image designed to enhance a presentation (such as an electronic slide show or a printed report) visually, typically to convey information more easily to people. a. projector b. presentation graphic c. Trojan horse d. phish
Related software programs are sometimes sold bundled together as a _____, such as a group of graphics programs, utility programs, or office-related software. a. software suite b. software thread c. software bank d. software base
____ is used to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the tasks involved in a project, such as the construction of a building or the schedule for preparing a large advertising campaign for a client. a. Computer-aided design (CAD) b. Desktop publishing c. Project management software d. Personal productivity
Companies that deliver SaaS are sometimes referred to as _____. a. download services b. application service providers (ASPs) c. Internet service providers (ISPs) d. running services
One of the most common painting programs is _____. a. Macromedia’s Dreamweaver b. Adobe’s Acrobat c. Microsoft Paint d. IBM’s Storyboard
_____ can be used, copied, modified, and distributed to others without restrictions. a. Shareware b. Commercial software c. Freeware d. Public domain software
When a software program is purchased, the buyer is acquiring a(n) _____ that permits him or her to use the software. a. software license b. copyright c. ownership right d. software key
Most application programs have a built-in help feature, typically available through the _____ button. a. F8 b. F10 c. F1 d. F12
There are four basic categories of software: commercial software, shareware, freeware, and _____. a. publish software b. public domain software c. advertising software d. licensed software
A single spreadsheet document (not a file) is called a _____. a. cell b. database c. workbook d. worksheet
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